Portable CBW sensors performance, military communications, and strategic recommendations for Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35335/lebah.v19i6.608Keywords:
Biological warfare agents, CBRN defense, Chemical warfare agents, Military Communication Systems, Portable biosensorsAbstract
Latar Belakang Ancaman Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE), khususnya chemical warfare agents (CWA) dan biological warfare agents (BWA), dapat menimbulkan dampak sistemik terhadap operasi militer, kesehatan masyarakat, dan keamanan nasional. Sensor portabel memungkinkan deteksi cepat di lapangan, tetapi literatur masih didominasi evaluasi sensitivitas analitik dan belum secara memadai menghubungkan kinerja sensor dengan kesiapan operasional, interoperabilitas komunikasi, dan pengambilan keputusan komando. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis kinerja analitik sensor portabel CWA dan BWA, menilai kelengkapan pelaporan validasi diagnostik, mengevaluasi kematangan bukti dan kesiapan operasionalnya, serta mengembangkan kerangka integrasi sensor dengan Military Communication Systems dan sistem kesehatan pertahanan Indonesia. Metode: Tinjauan sistematis dilakukan berdasarkan PRISMA 2020 dan SWiM melalui pencarian PubMed, Cochrane Library, dan Embase hingga Juni 2026. Risiko bias dinilai menggunakan QUADAS-2 yang diadaptasi untuk studi validasi analitik. Nilai limit of detection dinormalisasi menurut jenis target dan disintesis berdasarkan transduser, elemen pengenal, waktu respons, spesifisitas, validasi lapangan, serta kesiapan integrasi komunikasi. Hasil: Dari 37 rekaman, sembilan studi memenuhi kriteria inklusi, terdiri atas empat sensor optik, tiga elektrokimia, dan dua quartz crystal microbalance. LOD Bacillus anthracis berkisar 3,5 × 10² CFU mL⁻¹ hingga 4 × 10⁴ spora mL⁻¹, sedangkan target molekuler berkisar 2 × 10⁻¹⁷ M hingga 2,5 × 10⁻³ M. Bukti berada pada tingkat kematangan awal hingga menengah karena terbatasnya validasi lapangan, reprodusibilitas, data sensitivitas-spesifisitas berpasangan, dan kajian interoperabilitas komunikasi. Kontribusi: Penelitian ini menghasilkan Kerangka Integrasi Sensor–Komando CBRN yang menghubungkan deteksi, validasi, transmisi data aman, fusi informasi pada sistem komando dan pengendalian, serta respons kesehatan pertahanan. Kesimpulan: Efektivitas sensor CBW tidak hanya ditentukan oleh sensitivitas analitik, tetapi oleh ketahanan lapangan, standardisasi validasi, keamanan data, interoperabilitas komunikasi, dan kemampuan mengubah hasil deteksi menjadi keputusan operasional dan medis secara cepat.
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